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Economic Monitor – Weekly Commentary
by Eugenio Alemán

FOMC preview: Tariffs begin to bite, and the labor market softens

September 12, 2025

Chief Economist Eugenio J. Alemán discusses current economic conditions.

With the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting on the horizon, we’ve taken a closer look at recent economic developments to better understand the landscape Federal Reserve (Fed) officials will be navigating during the two-day meeting, which begins September 16.

The August Producer Price Index (PPI) came in softer than anticipated, reflecting a partial reversal of July’s sharp gains. Services prices led the decline, while goods prices posted only a modest increase. The July surge had been driven by strong growth in capital equipment purchases, as firms increased purchases due to higher tariffs scheduled to take effect in August, and energy costs, but both categories saw a pullback in August. Lower energy prices and reduced private capital equipment spending, across both government and private sectors, contributed to the overall softness in August. Looking ahead, the inflationary impact of tariffs is expected to become more pronounced, potentially exerting upward pressure on input costs.

In contrast, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) surprised to the upside in August, largely due to a stronger than expected increase in shelter costs. Food prices rose 0.5%, likely reflecting the early effects of tariffs, with notable increases in tariff-sensitive items such as tomatoes and coffee. Apparel prices also climbed 0.5%, marking the third consecutive monthly increase. Core goods inflation posted its strongest gain since May 2023, rising 0.3%, driven by a 1.0% increase in used vehicle prices and a 0.3% rise in new vehicles. Meanwhile, non-tariffed items like medicinal drugs saw a 0.4% decline.

These developments suggest that tariffs are beginning to influence consumer inflation. While a recent Dallas Fed survey1 indicates that only 48% of companies have raised prices so far, we estimate that by 2026, up to 80% of tariff costs will be passed on to consumers. Fortunately, goods inflation accounts for just 36% of the CPI basket, suggesting the impact may be contained and transitory, and unlikely to approach the inflation peaks of 2022.

However, the broad-based rise in consumer prices complicates the Fed’s policy outlook. Persistent inflation risks may limit the Fed’s ability to pursue aggressive rate cuts. Despite this, we continue to expect a 25 basis point rate cut in September, with at least one additional cut likely before year-end. A larger 50 basis point cut appears increasingly unlikely unless Fed officials perceive a significant recession risk.

The labor market remains a key concern. Nonfarm payrolls have softened, and recent BLS benchmark revisions underscore this trend. Surveys show weakening hiring plans, the lowest job-finding expectations since 2013, and more unemployed workers than job openings for the first time since 2021. Initial jobless claims recently spiked to their highest level since October 2021. While this jump may be distorted by seasonal factors and a large increase in unadjusted claims in Texas, the underlying trend points to continued labor market deterioration. With small businesses, which are responsible for over half of US employment, facing high single-digit borrowing costs, hiring plans are unlikely to improve.

One of the most closely watched indicators ahead of the September 16-17 FOMC meeting is the September 16 retail sales report, which will provide a timely snapshot of consumer spending behavior in the third quarter. July’s report showed a solid 0.5% increase in the control group, which feeds directly into GDP calculations, suggesting resilient demand despite elevated borrowing costs and inflationary pressures. However, it’s crucial to remember that retail sales are reported in nominal terms, meaning they are not adjusted for inflation. This distinction matters because if prices rise due to tariffs or other cost pressures, the headline retail sales figure could increase even if actual consumption volumes remain flat or decline.

In this context, the August CPI report takes on added significance. With tariff-sensitive categories like food, apparel, and vehicles posting notable price increases, there’s a possibility that the retail sales data could be inflated by higher prices rather than stronger demand. A strong nominal print may not necessarily reflect robust real consumption, especially if households are simply paying more for the same goods.

Finally, the September 16-17 FOMC meeting and the release of its Summary of Economic Projections (SEP) will be an important moment for markets. This quarterly update offers the Fed’s latest forecasts for GDP growth, unemployment, inflation, and the federal funds rate, providing a window into how policymakers interpret recent economic developments. With most tariffs now fully implemented and imports actively taxed, the SEP will likely reflect updated economic projections.

Markets will be watching closely for any upward revisions to the Fed’s inflation outlook, especially in the core PCE measure, which excludes volatile food and energy prices. Any shift in the Fed’s median dot plot could signal a change in the expected pace or magnitude of rate cuts. If inflation is seen as more persistent due to tariff pass-through or supply chain disruptions, the Fed may opt for a more cautious approach to easing.

Conversely, if the SEP reflects growing concern about labor market deterioration, weakening consumer demand, and tighter credit conditions, the Fed may lean more dovish. The balance between inflation risks and growth concerns will be central to the Fed’s messaging, and the SEP will help clarify how officials are weighing these competing forces.

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Economic and market conditions are subject to change.

Opinions are those of Investment Strategy and not necessarily those Raymond James and are subject to change without notice the information has been obtained from sources considered to be reliable, but we do not guarantee that the foregoing material is accurate or complete. There is no assurance any of the trends mentioned will continue or forecasts will occur last performance may not be indicative of future results.

Consumer Price Index is a measure of inflation compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Studies. Currencies investing are generally considered speculative because of the significant potential for investment loss. Their markets are likely to be volatile and there may be sharp price fluctuations even during periods when prices overall are rising.

The National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) Small Business Optimism Index is a composite of ten seasonally adjusted components. It provides a indication of the health of small businesses in the U.S., which account of roughly 50% of the nation's private workforce.

The producer price index is a price index that measures the average changes in prices received by domestic producers for their output. Its importance is being undermined by the steady decline in manufactured goods as a share of spending.

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